Understanding the Thyroid: Functions, Disorders, and Treatments

The Thyroid plays an important role in our health, but do you know the functions it fulfils, the disorders that can occur, and how to diagnose & treat them?

Many are unaware of the impact of the Thyroid and according to the British Thyroid Foundation, around 1 in 20 people have a type of Thyroid Disorder. 

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck. Despite its size, it plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. 

The thyroid produces hormones—primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—which control how the body uses energy. These hormones influence vital processes such as:

• Heart rate
• Digestion
• Brain function
• Temperature regulation

The thyroid is regulated by the pituitary gland, which releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to ensure the right balance of thyroid hormones in the body.

Thyroid disorders generally fall into two main categories: 

• Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) 

Other thyroid conditions include thyroid nodules, goitre, and thyroid cancer, but the most common issues are related to hormone imbalances.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to a slowdown in bodily functions. This condition can result from several causes, including:

• Autoimmune disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis): The most common cause, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid.

• Iodine deficiency: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.

• Post-thyroid surgery: Partial or total removal of the thyroid can result in hypothyroidism.

• Radiation therapy: Used for treating thyroid cancer or other cancers in the head and neck area, which can damage the thyroid.

• Medication: Some medications can interfere with thyroid function.

• Pituitary gland disorders: The pituitary gland regulates the thyroid, so dysfunction can lead to hypothyroidism.

When the thyroid doesn’t produce enough hormones, the body’s metabolism slows down, leading to various health complications, including:

• Fatigue and sluggishness

• Weight gain due to slower metabolism

• Depression and mood changes

• Increased risk of heart disease due to high cholesterol levels

• Joint pain and muscle weakness

• Fertility issues in women

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can develop slowly over time, making it difficult to diagnose early. Common signs include:

• Fatigue

• Unexplained weight gain

• Dry skin and brittle hair

• Cold intolerance

• Depression or brain fog

• Slow heart rate

• Constipation

Hypothyroidism is typically treated with levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone that restores normal hormone levels. Regular monitoring through blood tests ensures that the dosage remains appropriate. 

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to an acceleration of bodily functions. Common causes include:

• Graves’ disease: An autoimmune disorder that overstimulates the thyroid.

• Thyroid nodules: Lumps in the thyroid that produce excess hormones.

• Excessive iodine intake: Too much iodine from diet or medications can trigger hyperthyroidism.

• Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid can lead to a temporary increase in hormone release.

An overactive thyroid speeds up metabolism, which can lead to significant health complications, such as:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat

• Anxiety and nervousness

• Unintentional weight loss

• Heat intolerance

• Increased risk of osteoporosis due to bone loss

• Muscle weakness

The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary but often include:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat

• Unexplained weight loss

• Tremors or shakiness

• Excessive sweating

• Anxiety or restlessness

• Increased appetite

• Insomnia

Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. 

The main approaches include:

• Anti-thyroid medications: These drugs reduce hormone production.

• Radioactive iodine therapy: A common and effective treatment that destroys overactive thyroid cells.

• Surgery (thyroidectomy): Partial or complete removal of the thyroid may be necessary in severe cases.

• Beta-blockers: These do not treat the condition itself but help manage symptoms like a fast heart rate and tremors.

Thyroid disorders are commonly diagnosed using blood tests that measure:

• TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): High levels indicate hypothyroidism, while low levels suggest hyperthyroidism.

• Free T4 and Free T3: These measure the actual thyroid hormone levels in the blood.

• Thyroid Antibody Tests: Useful for detecting autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto’s or Graves’ disease.

One Day Tests offer Thyroid function blood tests that measure all of the above... and more:

If you experience symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, routine screening can help diagnose problems early. 

Those with a family history of thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases, or previous neck radiation therapy might want to consider regular thyroid function tests.

The thyroid gland plays a vital role in maintaining overall health. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for thyroid disorders can help inform you as to what to do if you suspect an issue with your thyroid. 

With proper diagnosis and management, most thyroid conditions can be effectively treated.